Primary Sources
Qian, Sima. Records of the Grand Historian. Translated by Burton Watson. N.p.: Columbia University Press, 1961. Accessed January 4, 2017.https://books.google.com/books?id=wDDLb8LjlNAC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false.
Sima Qian was one of the first major Chinese historians. His documents are piled in this book which will give us great information from an outside perspective. Although it may be bias depending on the side he was on, some of the facts in the book will be accurate. This book has documents of the history of China and their neighboring countries to the ancient past to the time of his own.
Rickett, Allyn W. "Methods for Coping with Change." In Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Ancient China, 396-406. Vol. 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Accessed January 4, 2017. https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=EIpFxYKa-ccC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
This book elaborates on the functions needed in the empire and how people were affecting it. This primary source allows us to fully understand what they were experiencing from their perspective. Each chapter of this book goes in depth into important cultural studies of the people of Ancient China. Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays concentrate more on the reasoning behind the actions they preformed.
Thorne, T. P. M. "Yellow Sky": Crisis for the Han Dynasty. N.p.: Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Accessed January 4, 2017. https://books.google.com/ booksid=n5UuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3&dq=yellow+sky+crisis+for+the+han+dynasty&source=bl&ots=3vPSj84psU&sig=m2v_FNvMj8UofUAOAQT5RP6K-iE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifwLnPjKrRAhVG64MKHbKJDVYQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=yellow%20sky%20crisis%20for%20the%20han %20dynasty&f=false."Yellow Sky":
Crisis of the Han Dynasty shows step by step of how the Yellow Turban Rebellion occurred, also inputing some conversation and the lifestyle of the ones participating in the rebellion. This book tells stories and scenarios that happened during the Han Dynasty. This show raw communication that can also hint problems they're facing, daily life, etc. The subtitles of the chapters help distinguish the difference and makes it easier to spot a detail. The subtitles itself gives information and within the book, there are many facts to help support.
Major, John S., and Constance A. Cook. Ancient China a History. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010. Accessed January 4, 2017.https://books.google.com/booksid=vh8xDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT348&lpg=PT348&dq=The+Huainanzi:+A+Guide+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Government+in+Early+China,+John+S.+Major,+Sarah+A.+Queen,+Andrew+S.+Meyer+and+Harold+D.+Roth(trans.+and+eds.),+New+York:+Columbia+University+Press,+2010.&source=bl&ots=xw7Ak6T6xl&sig=2Dbu0fmuL8rLJfv0z5HrQnqRddw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB0OaeydfSAhVB5SYKHVI7CuMQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q&f=false.
This book starts off summarizing Ancient China overall. After the reader gets some background information about Ancient China in general, the book moves in chronological order starting with the Neolithic Age. When it finally reaches the Han Dynasty, the dynasty the Yellow Turban Rebellion too place, it has many detailed sections. First stating the introduction, the book informs about the struggle to succeed Qin the waning years on the Han.
Sima Qian was one of the first major Chinese historians. His documents are piled in this book which will give us great information from an outside perspective. Although it may be bias depending on the side he was on, some of the facts in the book will be accurate. This book has documents of the history of China and their neighboring countries to the ancient past to the time of his own.
Rickett, Allyn W. "Methods for Coping with Change." In Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays from Ancient China, 396-406. Vol. 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998. Accessed January 4, 2017. https://books.google.com/books/princeton?id=EIpFxYKa-ccC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false.
This book elaborates on the functions needed in the empire and how people were affecting it. This primary source allows us to fully understand what they were experiencing from their perspective. Each chapter of this book goes in depth into important cultural studies of the people of Ancient China. Political, Economic, and Philosophical Essays concentrate more on the reasoning behind the actions they preformed.
Thorne, T. P. M. "Yellow Sky": Crisis for the Han Dynasty. N.p.: Designs and Patents Act, 1988. Accessed January 4, 2017. https://books.google.com/ booksid=n5UuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3&lpg=PT3&dq=yellow+sky+crisis+for+the+han+dynasty&source=bl&ots=3vPSj84psU&sig=m2v_FNvMj8UofUAOAQT5RP6K-iE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifwLnPjKrRAhVG64MKHbKJDVYQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q=yellow%20sky%20crisis%20for%20the%20han %20dynasty&f=false."Yellow Sky":
Crisis of the Han Dynasty shows step by step of how the Yellow Turban Rebellion occurred, also inputing some conversation and the lifestyle of the ones participating in the rebellion. This book tells stories and scenarios that happened during the Han Dynasty. This show raw communication that can also hint problems they're facing, daily life, etc. The subtitles of the chapters help distinguish the difference and makes it easier to spot a detail. The subtitles itself gives information and within the book, there are many facts to help support.
Major, John S., and Constance A. Cook. Ancient China a History. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2010. Accessed January 4, 2017.https://books.google.com/booksid=vh8xDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT348&lpg=PT348&dq=The+Huainanzi:+A+Guide+to+the+Theory+and+Practice+of+Government+in+Early+China,+John+S.+Major,+Sarah+A.+Queen,+Andrew+S.+Meyer+and+Harold+D.+Roth(trans.+and+eds.),+New+York:+Columbia+University+Press,+2010.&source=bl&ots=xw7Ak6T6xl&sig=2Dbu0fmuL8rLJfv0z5HrQnqRddw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiB0OaeydfSAhVB5SYKHVI7CuMQ6AEIIzAC#v=onepage&q&f=false.
This book starts off summarizing Ancient China overall. After the reader gets some background information about Ancient China in general, the book moves in chronological order starting with the Neolithic Age. When it finally reaches the Han Dynasty, the dynasty the Yellow Turban Rebellion too place, it has many detailed sections. First stating the introduction, the book informs about the struggle to succeed Qin the waning years on the Han.
Secondary Sources
Cline, Erin M., Ph.D. "Legalism." World Book. http://www.worldbookonline.com/advanced/article?id=ar755735&st=legalism#tab=homepage.
In this article, the author explains the main ideas of legalism and the rulers and emperors behind it. This source was generated by World Book Advanced, and its author from Georgetown University with a Ph.D, leaving very little question of validity. This source furthered my knowledge of the philosopher behind the idea of legalism. This source was important to my project because it discussed how Legalists disagreed with Confucians and how the best societies had wealthy and well-organized governments, the right laws,and strong military forces.
Department of Asian Art. "Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hand/hd_hand.htm (October 2000)
This source is about the development and expansion of literature, writing, philosophy, and goods in ancient China. The validity of this article could be questioned due to the lack of resources to support the information in this article. This source informed me about other important rulers in that time period and their accomplishments along with other events happening at the time. From this article I used the monumental historical records which recorded information about the various peoples, invariably described as "barbarian," who lived on the empire's borders under the rule of Wudi.
Dull, Jack L. "Wudi." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last modified April 7, 2008. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wudi-emperor-of-Han-dynasty.
This source is about emperor Wudi, who vastly increased the authority of the Han dynasty and extended Chinese influence abroad. Any doubt to the credibility of this source needs to be overlooked because the site mentions the authors name, date of publication, and the publisher. This source helped me better understand the role of emperor Wudi in ancient Chinese society by explaining how he ruled the empire under his reign in great detail. From this source, I used information about his religious beliefs in contrast to the other rulers at the time.
Hsiao, Liang. "Struggle between the Confucian and Legalist Schools." Peking Review, January 10, 1975. Accessed January 4, 2017. https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1975/PR1975-02b.htm.
This article is about the struggle between the Confucian and Legalist schools in ancient China. This article does not provide any proof of research sources, but it is a Chinese news article, which leads to some questions of validity. This source helped further my understanding of peasant uprisings by explaining how the masses of people were the main force in fighting against restoration. This source helped prove my thesis by providing information on the new emerging lanlord class which was after all an exploiting class that constituted a minority in society, it was in an antagonistic position with regard to the masses of peasants and naturally could not rely on the masses to struggle against restoration.
Joshua J. Mark. “Ancient China,” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified December 18, 2012. http://www.ancient.eu /china/.
This article discusses the rise and fall of different dynasties in ancient China along with some discussion on the silk road and other important milestones in ancient Chinese history. Any doubt to the credibility of this source needs to be overlooked because of the number of sources used and the fact that it was published under a Creative Commons license. After reading this article I now understand how disputes between the peasants continued to cause problems for the government as exemplified in the Yellow Turban Rebellion in the Han Dynasty. This source helped prove my thesis by explaining how the peasant rebellions affected ancient Chinese history.
Mark, Emily. "Legalism." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified January 31, 2016. Accessed March 12, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/Legalism/.
This source is about Legalism, an ancient Chinese philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self interest. Any doubt to the credibility of the source should be overlooked because it includes information about the author's educational history and credibility. This source helped me better understand Legalism by comparing and contrasting the enforcement of this philosophy between the Qin and Han dynasties. This source was important to my project because I now know that the vacuum left by the rejection of Legalism was filled by Confucianism which provided the Chinese culture with a much more comfortable and all-embracing vision of humanity and how people could live together peacefully.
Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/chinese-legalism/>.
According to this source, leaglism is a popular designation of an intellictual current that gained considerable popularity during the latter half of the Warring States period. The validity of this article should not be questioned because of its long list of sources in its bibliography. This article helped me better understand the peasant revolts against legalism in China by defining legalism and why people in ancient China would rebel due to this way of government. This source is important to my project because it defines and explains the key topic of my project.
Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. "How China Was Ruled." The American Interest. Last modified June 15, 2015. Accessed March 12, 2017. http://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/03/01/how-china-was-ruled/.
In this source, the author explains the differences between the rulers of ancient China in the Qin and Han dynasties. This source was created to discuss how the historical rule of China led to its great power today, which may propose some question of bias. After reading this article, my understanding of what past Chinese leaders have done with their power has been further explained. From this source, I used information about the differences between Confucianism and Legalism for differentiating between the ancient rulers.
In this article, the author explains the main ideas of legalism and the rulers and emperors behind it. This source was generated by World Book Advanced, and its author from Georgetown University with a Ph.D, leaving very little question of validity. This source furthered my knowledge of the philosopher behind the idea of legalism. This source was important to my project because it discussed how Legalists disagreed with Confucians and how the best societies had wealthy and well-organized governments, the right laws,and strong military forces.
Department of Asian Art. "Han Dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.)." In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000-. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/hand/hd_hand.htm (October 2000)
This source is about the development and expansion of literature, writing, philosophy, and goods in ancient China. The validity of this article could be questioned due to the lack of resources to support the information in this article. This source informed me about other important rulers in that time period and their accomplishments along with other events happening at the time. From this article I used the monumental historical records which recorded information about the various peoples, invariably described as "barbarian," who lived on the empire's borders under the rule of Wudi.
Dull, Jack L. "Wudi." Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last modified April 7, 2008. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Wudi-emperor-of-Han-dynasty.
This source is about emperor Wudi, who vastly increased the authority of the Han dynasty and extended Chinese influence abroad. Any doubt to the credibility of this source needs to be overlooked because the site mentions the authors name, date of publication, and the publisher. This source helped me better understand the role of emperor Wudi in ancient Chinese society by explaining how he ruled the empire under his reign in great detail. From this source, I used information about his religious beliefs in contrast to the other rulers at the time.
Hsiao, Liang. "Struggle between the Confucian and Legalist Schools." Peking Review, January 10, 1975. Accessed January 4, 2017. https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1975/PR1975-02b.htm.
This article is about the struggle between the Confucian and Legalist schools in ancient China. This article does not provide any proof of research sources, but it is a Chinese news article, which leads to some questions of validity. This source helped further my understanding of peasant uprisings by explaining how the masses of people were the main force in fighting against restoration. This source helped prove my thesis by providing information on the new emerging lanlord class which was after all an exploiting class that constituted a minority in society, it was in an antagonistic position with regard to the masses of peasants and naturally could not rely on the masses to struggle against restoration.
Joshua J. Mark. “Ancient China,” Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified December 18, 2012. http://www.ancient.eu /china/.
This article discusses the rise and fall of different dynasties in ancient China along with some discussion on the silk road and other important milestones in ancient Chinese history. Any doubt to the credibility of this source needs to be overlooked because of the number of sources used and the fact that it was published under a Creative Commons license. After reading this article I now understand how disputes between the peasants continued to cause problems for the government as exemplified in the Yellow Turban Rebellion in the Han Dynasty. This source helped prove my thesis by explaining how the peasant rebellions affected ancient Chinese history.
Mark, Emily. "Legalism." Ancient History Encyclopedia. Last modified January 31, 2016. Accessed March 12, 2017. http://www.ancient.eu/Legalism/.
This source is about Legalism, an ancient Chinese philosophical belief that human beings are more inclined to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self interest. Any doubt to the credibility of the source should be overlooked because it includes information about the author's educational history and credibility. This source helped me better understand Legalism by comparing and contrasting the enforcement of this philosophy between the Qin and Han dynasties. This source was important to my project because I now know that the vacuum left by the rejection of Legalism was filled by Confucianism which provided the Chinese culture with a much more comfortable and all-embracing vision of humanity and how people could live together peacefully.
Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2014/entries/chinese-legalism/>.
According to this source, leaglism is a popular designation of an intellictual current that gained considerable popularity during the latter half of the Warring States period. The validity of this article should not be questioned because of its long list of sources in its bibliography. This article helped me better understand the peasant revolts against legalism in China by defining legalism and why people in ancient China would rebel due to this way of government. This source is important to my project because it defines and explains the key topic of my project.
Tin-bor Hui, Victoria. "How China Was Ruled." The American Interest. Last modified June 15, 2015. Accessed March 12, 2017. http://www.the-american-interest.com/2008/03/01/how-china-was-ruled/.
In this source, the author explains the differences between the rulers of ancient China in the Qin and Han dynasties. This source was created to discuss how the historical rule of China led to its great power today, which may propose some question of bias. After reading this article, my understanding of what past Chinese leaders have done with their power has been further explained. From this source, I used information about the differences between Confucianism and Legalism for differentiating between the ancient rulers.